The Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR) modular reactor concept is being developed by the team of Rockwell International, Combustion Engineering, and Bechtel under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (LMR) program. In fact, the real time sink with any of these new reactors is the NRC licensing period, which can take many years, especially for new and different designs. I have been a scientist in the field of the earth and environmental sciences for 33 years, specializing in geologic disposal of nuclear waste, energy-related research, planetary surface processes, radiobiology and shielding for space colonies, subsurface transport and environmental clean-up of heavy metals. By far the most advanced of the six is the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), developed by France, Russia and China from a concept pioneered in the United States in ⦠Another is liquid lead-bismuth eutectic, which isnât the most pleasant material either. Water's boiling point is also much lower than most metals demanding that the cooling system be kept at high pressure to effectively cool the core. The second key design feature is the passive air cooling of the vessel to remove decay heat. inherent or passive systems provide for a safe response to off-normal conditions. Reactor modules can be used individually or in multiples at a given site to supply the needed generating capacity. The Nuclear Energy Innovation Capabilities Act (NEICA), passed in September 2018, and aims to eliminate some of the barriers to advanced nuclear and establish some of the infrastructure to get there, again something that helps SLIMM and other new designs. Such long service presents significant challenges to the structural integrity of the reactor and the heat transport systems. I also consult for EPA/State environmental agencies and industry on clean-up of heavy metals from soil and water. To keep the neutrons moving quickly, fast reactors require exotic coolants derived from heavy atoms. The SAFR plant concept employs a 350-MWe pool-type LMR Power Pak as its basic module. It has rather high atomic mass number and good neutronic features. Each Power Pak is a standardized, shop-fabricated unit that can be barge shipped to the plant site for installation. S. 903, Nuclear Energy Leadership Act, passed out of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee in July, and aims to restore U.S. leadership in the civil nuclear industry by helping to develop a range of advanced reactor technologies that are clean, safe and reliable - exactly what SLIMM is. For over 25 years I have been a member of Sierra Club, Greenpeace, the NRDC, the Environmental Defense Fund and many others, as well as professional societies including the America Nuclear Society, the American Chemical Society, the Geological Society of America and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Shop fabrication minimizes nuclear-grade field fabrication and minimizes the overall plant construction schedule and capital cost. The reactor primary and guard vessels are made of two identical sections. Presenting the state of the art of sodium-cooled fast reactors with closed fuel cycles, this book: Offers in-depth coverage of reactor physics, materials, design, safety analysis, ⦠PRISM was selected as the reference concept, and advanced conceptual design GE is scheduled for FY 1989--91. TerraPower. Advanced LMR plants will be designed for a service life of up to 60 years. The TWR is a liquid sodium-cooled fast reactor that uses depleted or natural uranium as fuel. Why Is Solar Energy Getting 250 Times More In Federal Tax Credits Than Nuclear? As part of the DOE Advanced, Sodium advanced fast reactor (SAFR) - Design status, 21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS, 220900* - Nuclear Reactor Technology- Reactor Safety, - Proceedings of the American Power Conference; (USA). The reactor core height is not much larger than the height of a human, but it has a long chimney that can be varied in height (2-8 m, depending on the reactor thermal power). 1: Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor. One of the latest to emerge is the SLIMM â the Scalable LIquid Metalâcooled small Modular reactor. Identify important differences between sodium and other fast reactor coolants (lead/LBE and helium) and why sodium is preferred. This is a good idea in theory, but it concerns me because it goes against the whole âdefense in depthâ concept of nuclear design. Technical support was provided to DOE, RI, and GE, by the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), particularly with respect to the characteristics of the metal fuels. Characterize the nature of sodium interactions with air and water. The outlet temperature is approximately 510â550 degrees Celsius for both. The modest SAFR Power Pak size of 350 MWe (four paks would be combined for a typical 1400-MWe plant), the intrinsic properties of the sodium coolant, and the pool-type LMR concept have been blended to achieve a truly inherently safe plant. As Argonne explains it, when an atom in a nuclear reactor âfissionsââor splits into several smaller fragmentsâneutrons are released at high energy (fast speeds). This limits the amount of water that can be allowed to flow through the reactor core, and since fast reactors have a high power density most designs use molten metals instead. These challenges arise not only from the relatively high service temperatures but also from the large, rapid temperature changes associated with the use of a liquid metal as the heat transport medium. In January 1988, the team was expanded to include Duke Engineering and Services, Inc., and the concept development was extended under DOE's Program for Improvement in Advanced Modular LMR Design. In Japan, France, UK, Russia, and China, oxide fuels were the primary choice for their sodium-cooled fast reactors. In other words, it canât melt down, is cheap to construct and only needs ordinary outside air to cool off if it does shut down quickly for any reason. This reactor is also designed to produce process heat for a multitude of industrial uses such as desalination,fracking for fissile foil, hydrogen fuel production, aluminum smelter, etc. This reactor is compatible with different energy conversion technologies such as supercritical water and CO2 Brayton cycles, in super-heated steam Rankine cycles, and closed and open air Brayton cycles, so it can be used in most any electricity-generating configuration. They operate at around 500-550°C at or near atmospheric pressure. This allows for the coolant to operate at higher temperatures and lower pressures than current reactorsâimproving the ⦠To satisfy the long-term needs of the United States for electric power, the strategy of the Department of Energy (DOE) includes development of advanced liquid metal reactor (LMR) plants as a low-cost, low-risk, nuclear power option. Nuclear scientists and engineers have not been idle over the last decade in designing new small nuclear reactors that canât melt down, and that will be essential to address our environmental and industrial needs in the coming decades. A TMSFR-LF fast reactor optimized for burning minor actinides is to follow. Nuclear reactor - Nuclear reactor - Liquid-metal reactors: Sodium-cooled fast-neutron-spectrum liquid-metal reactors (LMRs) received much attention during the 1960s and â70s when it appeared that their breeding capabilities would soon be needed to supply fissile material to a rapidly expanding nuclear industry. I have been a scientist in the field of the earth and environmental sciences for 33 years, specializing in geologic disposal of nuclear waste, energy-related research. In thermal reactors, which comprise the bulk of the worldâs nuclear power fleet, the fission neutrons are slowed down to low (thermal) energies by collisions with light atoms within the reactorâhydrogen in the water in water-cooled reactors, deuterium in heavy water in h⦠The SAFR plant concept employs a 350-MWe pool-type LMR Power Pak as its basic module. Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) The SFR uses liquid sodium as the reactor coolant, allowing high power density with low coolant volume fraction and operation at low pressure. S. 512, the Nuclear Energy Innovation and Modernization Act was actually signed by the President in January. The designs, sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Power Reactor Inherently Safe Module (PRISM) (Berglund, 1987) and the Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR) (Baumeister, 1987), were developed primarily by General Electric (GE) and Rockwell International (RI), respectively. The Power Pak is a standardized, shop-fabricated unit that can be shipped to the plant site by barge for installation. SLIMM reactors are factory fabricated, assembled and sealed, shipped to the construction site by... [+] rail, truck, or barge, and are ideal for isolated and small communities, island nations and advanced bases. The Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR) Plant has been developed to satisfy the complementary intermediate-term market objectives of low capital cost and inherent safety. Other articles where Sodium-cooled fast reactor is discussed: nuclear reactor: Fuel types: In a sodium-cooled fast reactor, commonly called a liquid-metal reactor (LMR), the fuel consists of uranium dioxide or uranium-plutonium dioxide pellets (French design) or of uranium-plutonium-zirconium metal alloy pins (U.S. design) in steel cladding. Sodium fast reactor designs typically use âinerted containmentâ, by keeping the building full of nitrogen gas instead of reactive air. and has a high thermal efficiency for electricity generation. While the oxygen-free environment prevents corrosion, sodium reacts chemically with air and water and requires a ⦠An effective response to this unique set of challenges is required to ensure the success of the DOE Advanced LMR Program. I am a Trustee of the Herbert M. Parker Foundation, Adjunct at WSU, an Affiliate Scientist at LANL and consult on strategic planning for the DOE, EPA/State environmental agencies, and industry including companies that own nuclear, hydro, wind farms, large solar arrays, coal and gas plants. The SLIMM technology is just one of many that are ready, and needed, to address our environmental and energy needs, here and around the world. The core design of the original TWR concept envisages a moving region, or 'wave', in which the uranium is bred progressively into plutonium, which is the actual fuel that undergoes fission. Another bill, the Nuclear Energy Renewal Act, was introduced by a bipartisan group of senators to extend the life of the countryâs existing nuclear fleet. Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR) for safe economic power, Update; Sodium advanced fast reactor (SAFR) concept, Summary of advanced LMR (Liquid Metal Reactor) evaluations: PRISM (Power Reactor Inherently Safe Module) and SAFR (Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor), SAFR: an inherently safe liquid metal reactor (LMR), Materials and structures technology program plan for advanced reactors: Program plan, FY 1988--1993. The SAFR plant concept employs a 450-MWe pool-type liquid metal cooled reactor as its basic module. You may opt-out by. ADVANCED REACTOR EXAMPLES 3 Lead-Fast Reactors Westinghouse LFR. The figure shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the SLIMM reactor with an 8-meter-tall chimney, the reactor core, and the Na/Na helically coiled tubes heat exchanger (HEX), the primary and guard vessels separated by a small argon gap, the in-vessel control drives, and the core support structure. Its designers, Drs. The Natrium reactor and energy system architecture, recently introduced by TerraPower and GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH), offers baseload electricity output from a 345-MWe sodium fast reactor with the load-following flexibility of molten salt thermal storage. This type of behavior was demonstrated in a series of unscrammed tests at EBR-II (NED, 1986). The sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) uses liquid metal (sodium) as a coolant instead of water that is typically used in U.S. commercial power plants. With Naâs very low vapor pressure, the reactor operates below atmospheric pressure so there is no pressure vessel to worry about. Fast ⦠As in many things nuclear, whatâs old is new: Since the birth of the nuclear age in the 1950s, engineers have built a handful of sodium-cooled reactors and even a couple of pebble-bed reactors. The SFR is designed for management of The SFR is designed for management of high-level wastes and, in particular, management of plutonium and other actinides. Ever since the worldâs top climate scientists, including Dr. James Hansen, Dr. Tom Wigley, Dr. Ken Caldeira and Dr. Kerry Emanuel, urged world leaders and environmental campaigners to support the expansion of nuclear energy as essential for addressing global warming, many new smaller and modular reactors have appeared on the scene in different stages of development. GA Gas-cooled . Shop fabrication minimizes nuclear-grade field fabrication and reduces the plant construction schedule. Fast Reactor (SFR) system features a fast-spectrum, sodium-cooled reactor and a closed fuel cycle for efficient management of actinides and conversion of fertile uranium. Compared to current light-water reactor (LWR) plants, the advanced LMR plants offer benefits including (1) enhanced safety and licensability, (2) increased reliability and availability, (3) improved economics and (4) increased US competitiveness in the international marketplace. The most common coolant is liquid sodium, which is well known but highly reactive with air and water. The SLIMM and VSLIMM have very small physical footprints and can be deployed on a portable platform or installed at a permanent site. This Program Plan describes the activities required to complete the development of this technology. This is a fast reactor that uses liquid sodium (Na) to cool and exchange heat, and that generates 10 to 100 MW for many years, even decades, without refueling, depending on ⦠This paper describes some of the key inherent design features of the plant and presents analyses that demonstrate their effectiveness. As can be seen in Fig. The ARC-100 is a 100 MWe sodium-cooled, fast flux, pool type reactor with metallic fuel. The design capitalizes on the favorable intrinsic properties of sodium (e.g., high boiling point, low vapor pressure, and strong natural convection), provides inherent capability for core shutdown under all circumstances, and provides multiple passive systems to assure adequate core and spent fuel cooling. All Rights Reserved, This is a BETA experience. The Sodium Advanced Fast Reactor (SAFR) modular reactor concept is being developed by the team of Rockwell International, Combustion Engineering, and Bechtel under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (LMR) program. 27 refs., 78 figs., 3 tabs. The second is a medium to large (500â1,500 MWe) sodium-cooled reactor with mixed uranium-plutonium oxide fuel, supported by a fuel cycle based upon advanced aqueous processing at a central location serving a number of reactors. While pressurised water could theoretically be used for a fast reactor, it tends to slow down neutrons and absorb them. Sodium Reactor Experiment (Santa Susana, CA) â July 1959 Construction of the Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) facility began in April 1955.
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